Question # 1
In a cloud environment, a security team discovers that an attacker accessed confidential information that was used to configure virtual machines during their initialization. Through which of the following features could this information have been accessed? | | A. IAM | | B. Block storage | | C. Virtual private cloud | | D. Metadata services |
D. Metadata services
In a cloud environment, the information used to configure virtual machines during their initialization could have been accessed through metadata services. Explanation: Metadata Services: Other Features: Pentest References: Cloud Security: Understanding how metadata services work and the potential risks associated with them is crucial for securing cloud environments. Exploitation: Metadata services can be exploited to retrieve sensitive data if not properly secured. By accessing metadata services, an attacker can retrieve sensitive configuration information used during VM initialization, which can lead to further exploitation.
Question # 2
Which of the following is the most efficient way to infiltrate a file containing data that could be sensitive? | | A. Use steganography and
send the file over FTP | | B. Compress the file and
send it using TFTP | | C. Split the file in
tiny pieces and send it over dnscat | | D. Encrypt and send the
file over HTTPS |
D. Encrypt and send the
file over HTTPS
When considering efficiency and security for exfiltrating sensitive data, the chosen method must ensure data confidentiality and minimize the risk of detection. Here’s an analysis of each option: Use steganography and send the file over FTP (Option A): Compress the file and send it using TFTP (Option B): Split the file in tiny pieces and send it over dnscat (Option C): Encrypt and send the file over HTTPS (Answer: D): Conclusion: Encrypting the file and sending it over HTTPS is the most efficient and secure method for exfiltrating sensitive data, ensuring both confidentiality and reducing the risk of detection.
Question # 3
Which of the following OT protocols sends information in cleartext?
| A. TTEthernet
| B. DNP3
| C. Modbus
| D. PROFINET
|
C. Modbus
Explanation:
Operational Technology (OT) protocols are used in industrial control systems (ICS) to manage and automate physical processes. Here’s an analysis of each protocol regarding whether it sends information in cleartext:
TTEthernet (Option A):
Explanation:
TTEthernet (Time-Triggered Ethernet) is designed for real-time communication and safety-critical systems.
Security:
It includes mechanisms for reliable and deterministic data transfer, not typically sending information in cleartext.
DNP3 (Option B):
Explanation:
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) is used in electric and water utilities for SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems.
Security:
While the original DNP3 protocol transmits data in cleartext, the DNP3 Secure Authentication extensions provide cryptographic security features.
Modbus (Answer: C):
Explanation:
Modbus is a communication protocol used in industrial environments for transmitting data between electronic devices.
Security:
Modbus transmits data in cleartext, which makes it susceptible to interception and unauthorized access.
References:
The lack of security features in Modbus, such as encryption, is well-documented and a known vulnerability in ICS environments.
PROFINET (Option D):
Explanation:
PROFINET is a standard for industrial networking in automation.
Security:
PROFINET includes several security features, including support for encryption, which means it doesn’t necessarily send information in cleartext.
Conclusion:
Modbus is the protocol that most commonly sends information in clear text, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping and interception.
Question # 4
A tester performs a vulnerability scan and identifies several outdated libraries used within the customer SaaS product offering. Which of the following types of scans did the tester use to identify the libraries? | | A. IAST | | B. SBOM | | C. DAST | | D. SAST |
D. SAST
kube-hunter is a tool designed to perform security assessments on Kubernetes clusters. It identifies various vulnerabilities, focusing on weaknesses and misconfigurations. Here’s why option B is correct: Kube-hunter: It scans Kubernetes clusters to identify security issues, such as misconfigurations, insecure settings, and potential attack vectors. Network Configuration Errors: While kube-hunter might identify some networkrelated issues, its primary focus is on Kubernetes-specific vulnerabilities and misconfigurations. Application Deployment Issues: These are more related to the applications running within the cluster, not the cluster configuration itself. Security Vulnerabilities in Docker Containers: Kube-hunter focuses on the Kubernetes environment rather than Docker container-specific vulnerabilities. References from Pentest: Forge HTB: Highlights the use of specialized tools to identify misconfigurations in environments, similar to how kube-hunter operates within Kubernetes clusters. Anubis HTB: Demonstrates the importance of identifying and fixing misconfigurations within complex environments like Kubernetes clusters. Conclusion: Option B, weaknesses and misconfigurations in the Kubernetes cluster, accurately describes the type of vulnerabilities that kube-hunter is designed to detect.
Question # 5
A penetration tester is evaluating a SCADA system. The tester receives local access to a workstation that is running a single application. While navigating through the application, the tester opens a terminal window and gains access to the underlying operating system. Which of the following attacks is the tester performing? | | A. Kiosk escape | | B. Arbitrary code
execution | | C. Process hollowing | | D. Library injection |
A. Kiosk escape
A kiosk escape involves breaking out of a restricted environment, such as a kiosk or asingle application interface, to access the under lying operating system. Here’s why optionA is correct: Kiosk Escape: This attack targets environments where user access is intentionally limited, such as a kiosk or a dedicated application. The goal is to break out of these restrictions and gain access to the full operating system. Arbitrary Code Execution: This involves running unauthorized code on the system, but the scenario described is more about escaping a restricted environment. Process Hollowing: This technique involves injecting code into a legitimate process, making it appear benign while executing malicious activities. Library Injection: This involves injecting malicious code into a running process by loading a malicious library, which is not the focus in this scenario. References from Pentest: Forge HTB: Demonstrates techniques to escape restricted environments and gain broader access to the system. Horizontall HTB: Shows methods to break out of limited access environments, aligning with the concept of kiosk escape. Conclusion: Option A, Kiosk escape, accurately describes the type of attack where a tester breaks out of a restricted environment to access the underlying operating system.
Question # 6
During a web application assessment, a penetration tester identifies an input field that allows JavaScript injection. The tester inserts a line of JavaScript that results in a prompt, presenting a text box when browsing to the page going forward. Which of the following types of attacks is this an example of?
| A. SQL injection
| B. SSRF
| C. XSS
| D. Server-side template injection
|
C. XSS
Explanation:
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is an attack that involves injecting malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. Here’s why option C is correct:
XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): This attack involves injecting JavaScript into a web application, which is then executed by the user’s browser. The scenario describes injecting a JavaScript prompt, which is a typical XSS payload.
SQL Injection: This involves injecting SQL commands to manipulate the database and does not relate to JavaScript injection.
SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery): This attack tricks the server into making requests to unintended locations, which is not related to client-side JavaScript execution.
Server-Side Template Injection: This involves injecting code into server-side templates, not JavaScript that executes in the user’s browser.
References from Pentest:
Horizontall HTB: Demonstrates identifying and exploiting XSS vulnerabilities in web applications.
Luke HTB: Highlights the process of testing for XSS by injecting scripts and observing their execution in the browser.
Question # 7
A penetration tester has found a web application that is running on a cloud virtual machine instance. Vulnerability scans show a potential SSRF for the same application URL path with an injectable parameter. Which of the following commands should the tester run to successfully test for secrets exposure exploitability? | | A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ | | B. curl
'<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/etc/passwd' | | C. curl
'<url>?param=<script>alert(1)<script>/' | | D. curl
<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/ |
A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
In a cloud environment, testing for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerabilities involves attempting to access metadata services. Here’s why the specified command is appropriate: Accessing Cloud Metadata Service: Comparison with Other Commands: Using curl <url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ is the correct approach to test for SSRF vulnerabilities in cloud environments to potentially expose secrets.
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