Question # 1
 |
Question # 2
Service is running on port 389 inside the system, find the process-id of the process, and
stores the names of all the open-files inside the /candidate/KH77539/files.txt, and also
delete the binary. |
root# netstat -ltnup
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:17600 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1293/dropbox
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:17603 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1293/dropbox
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 575/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:9393 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 900/perl
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 9583/docker-proxy
tcp 0 0 :::443 :::* LISTEN 9571/docker-proxy
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 8822/dhcpcd
root# netstat -ltnup | grep ':22'
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 575/sshd
The ss command is the replacement of the netstat command.
Now let’s see how to use the ss command to see which process is listening on port 22:
root# ss -ltnup 'sport = :22'
Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
tcp LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* users:("sshd",pid=575,fd=3))
Question # 3
Secrets stored in the etcd is not secure at rest, you can use the etcdctl command utility to
find the secret value |
Explanation:
ETCD secret encryption can be verified with the help of etcdctl command line utility.
ETCD secrets are stored at the path /registry/secrets/$namespace/$secret on the master node.
The below command can be used to verify if the particular ETCD secret is encrypted or not.
# ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl get /registry/secrets/default/secret1 [...] | hexdump -C
Question # 4
Create a new ServiceAccount named backend-sa in the existing namespace default, which
has the capability to list the pods inside the namespace default.
Create a new Pod named backend-pod in the namespace default, mount the newly created
sa backend-sa to the pod, and Verify that the pod is able to list pods.
Ensure that the Pod is running. |
Explanation:
A service account provides an identity for processes that run in a Pod.
When you (a human) access the cluster (for example, using kubectl), you are authenticated
by the apiserver as a particular User Account (currently this is usually admin, unless your
cluster administrator has customized your cluster). Processes in containers inside pods can
also contact the apiserver. When they do, they are authenticated as a particular Service
Account (for example, default).
When you create a pod, if you do not specify a service account, it is automatically assigned
the default service account in the same namespace. If you get the raw json or yaml for a
pod you have created (for example, kubectl get pods/ -o yaml), you can see
the spec.serviceAccountName field has been automatically set.
You can access the API from inside a pod using automatically mounted service account
credentials, as described in Accessing the Cluster. The API permissions of the service
account depend on the authorization plugin and policy in use.
In version 1.6+, you can opt out of automounting API credentials for a service account by
setting automountServiceAccountToken: false on the service account:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: build-robot
automountServiceAccountToken: false
In version 1.6+, you can also opt out of automounting API credentials for a particular pod:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
serviceAccountName: build-robot
automountServiceAccountToken: false
The pod spec takes precedence over the service account if both specify a automountServiceAccountToken value.
Question # 5
 |
Question # 6
 |
Question # 7
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 12 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 8 old audit logs files are retained.
4. set the maximum size before getting rotated to 200MB
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. namespaces changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of secrets changes in the namespace kube-system
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Log "pods/portforward", "services/proxy" at Metadata level.
5. Omit the Stage RequestReceived
All other requests at the Metadata level |
Explanation:
Kubernetes auditing provides a security-relevant chronological set of records about a
cluster. Kube-apiserver performs auditing. Each request on each stage of its execution
generates an event, which is then pre-processed according to a certain policy and written
to a backend. The policy determines what’s recorded and the backends persist the records.
You might want to configure the audit log as part of compliance with the CIS (Center for
Internet Security) Kubernetes Benchmark controls.
The audit log can be enabled by default using the following configuration in cluster.yml:
services:
kube-api:
audit_log:
enabled: true
When the audit log is enabled, you should be able to see the default values at
/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml
The log backend writes audit events to a file in JSONlines format. You can configure the
log audit backend using the following kube-apiserver flags:
--audit-log-path specifies the log file path that log backend uses to write audit
events. Not specifying this flag disables log backend. - means standard out
--audit-log-maxage defined the maximum number of days to retain old audit log
files
--audit-log-maxbackup defines the maximum number of audit log files to retain
--audit-log-maxsize defines the maximum size in megabytes of the audit log file
before it gets rotated
If your cluster's control plane runs the kube-apiserver as a Pod, remember to mount
the hostPath to the location of the policy file and log file, so that audit records are persisted.
For example:
--audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml \
--audit-log-path=/var/log/audit.log
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FAQs of CKS Exam
What
is the format of the Linux Foundation CKS Exam?
The
CKS exam is an online, proctored, performance-based test that requires
candidates to perform tasks on a command line within Kubernetes. Candidates
have 2 hours to complete these tasks. The exam tests various practices for
securing container-based applications and Kubernetes platforms during build,
deployment, and runtime. For more details, visit the Linux Foundation CKS Exam page.
How
can I register for the CKS Exam?
Register
for the CKS exam through the Linux Foundation's training portal. Before
scheduling the CKS exam, you must hold an active Certified Kubernetes
Administrator (CKA) certification.
What
are the prerequisites for taking the CKS Exam?
The
CKS exam requires candidates to have an active CKA certification. This ensures
that the candidate has sufficient knowledge of Kubernetes, which is crucial for
the specialized security exam.
What
topics are covered in the CKS Exam?
The
exam covers securing container-based applications and Kubernetes platforms,
including cluster setup, system hardening, supply chain security, and runtime
security. The Linux Foundation's certification page provides a comprehensive
breakdown of domains and competencies.
What
job roles benefit from CKS certification?
The
CKS certification is valuable for Kubernetes Administrators, Security
Specialists, DevOps Engineers, and Cloud Engineers looking to establish or
advance their careers in securing Kubernetes environments.
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A
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